Beyond Oil

Dependence on a single source of income makes a national economy fragile, particularly if that source involves non-renewable resources. Therefore, the effective use of economic diversity is necessary for an economy to experience enduring prosperity. In order to improve a nation’s institutions, the quality of life for its residents, and its overall attractiveness, diversification is essential. With a common goal of maintaining stable high levels of living for future generations, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) members are stepping up their efforts to promote economic diversification. This article focuses on the diversification strategies implemented by Arab Economies.

What are Diversification Strategies?

The economy’s overall productivity rises through diversification and the reallocation of resources from low-productivity to high-productivity economic activity. The fiscal system’s ability to reallocate resources turns out to be crucial to this process. Promoting the quality of the workforce and the degree to which workers’ skills are sufficient for high-value-added economic activities and the demands of the nation are other important aspects to support structural change and diversification.

• The Imperative for Diversification: Arab economies, historically dependent on oil exports, have faced volatility due to fluctuating oil prices. Recognizing the vulnerability of this reliance, many Arab nations are proactively seeking diversification strategies to mitigate economic risks. The imperative for diversification stems from the need to build resilience, promote sustainable growth and create a more balanced and stable economic foundation.

Example: According to the World Bank, for January 2024, a continued decrease in oil rents as a percentage of GDP in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, signaling a sustained shift away from oil dependency.

• Technology and Innovation Hubs: Arab nations are investing heavily in becoming technology and innovation hubs. Countries like the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia have established free zones and innovation clusters to attract global tech companies and nurture homegrown startups. Initiatives such as Dubai’s ‘Smart Dubai’ and Saudi Arabia’s ‘Vision 2030’ highlight a commitment to fostering innovation-driven economies.

Example: The Dubai Silicon Oasis (DSO) in the UAE has grown into a thriving technology park, hosting companies such as HP, Schneider Electric, and Oracle.

• Economic Challenges and Global Dynamics: The Arab world has witnessed significant economic challenges, including demographic pressures, youth unemployment and the need for infrastructural development. Global dynamics, such as the transition to renewable energy, have also compelled Arab nations to reconsider their economic structures. Diversification strategies are seen as a response to these challenges, offering a pathway to economic transformation and inclusive development.

Example: Qatar’s expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP was 2.8% in 2019, as reported by the World Bank. The King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia is a leading research institution driving innovation.

• Renewable Energy Initiatives: The global shift towards sustainable practices has prompted several Arab countries to invest in renewable energy sources. With abundant sunlight, wind, and open spaces, nations like the UAE and Morocco are leading the way in solar and wind energy projects. These initiatives not only contribute to environmental sustainability but also provide avenues for economic diversification.

Example: According to IRENA, the UAE has the highest solar capacity per capita globally, with 1,900 watts per person. The Noor Solar Complex in Morocco is one of the world’s largest concentrated solar power plants, contributing to the country’s renewable energy goals.

• Tourism and Hospitality Expansion: The tourism sector is a key focus for diversification in many Arab economies. Recognizing the cultural and historical treasures within their borders, countries like Egypt, Jordan, and Oman are investing in tourism infrastructure. Mega-projects, such as Saudi Arabia’s NEOM and the Red Sea Project, aim to transform these nations into premier tourist destinations, diversifying revenue streams and creating jobs.

Example: The contribution of travel and tourism to Saudi Arabia’s GDP is projected to rise by 3.9% annually from 2021 to 2030, as per the WTTC. Saudi Arabia’s NEOM and Red Sea Project are ambitious tourism developments set to attract global visitors.

• Agricultural and Food Security Initiatives: Addressing food security concerns, Arab countries are investing in agricultural initiatives. Vertical farming, aquaculture, and sustainable agriculture practices are gaining traction. Initiatives such as the Qatar National Food Security Program and the UAE’s National Food Security Strategy aim to enhance self-sufficiency and reduce reliance on food imports.

Example: The Qatar National Food Security Program aims to achieve self-sufficiency in dairy and poultry production by 2023.

• Cultural and Creative Industries: Recognizing the value of cultural and creative industries, Arab nations are investing in arts, media, and entertainment. Initiatives like Dubai Design District (d3) and film festivals across the region are promoting local talent and attracting global attention. These ventures not only contribute to economic diversification but also showcase the rich cultural tapestry of the Arab world.

Example: The cultural and creative industries contributed £8.8 billion to the UK economy in the past few years, according to the Department for Digital, Culture, Media, and Sport. Dubai Design District (d3) has become a hub for creative industries, attracting designers, artists, and entrepreneurs.

Final Thoughts

Arab economies, through strategic diversification, are not only adapting to change but actively shaping their future. Statistical evidence and concrete examples demonstrate the effectiveness of diversification strategies in fostering sustainable growth. As Arab nations continue on this transformative journey, the impact on their economic landscapes resonates not only regionally but also on the global stage.